Modeling difficulties in creating conceptual data models

Abstract Conceptual modeling is a learning task essential to students of computer science, software engineering and related programs. Construed as complex task, surprisingly little known about the actual act conceptual modeling, difficulties learners experience. Combining complementary modes observation learners’ processes, we study encountered while performing data task. Using concept cognitive breakdown, analyze audiovisual protocols individual modelers’ recordings their interactions with employed tool survey modelers perception difficulties. In an exploratory follow-up study, identify eight types entity types, generalization hierarchies, relationship attributes cardinalities. The identified contribute better more complete understanding processes intended inform design science research on assistance for at different stages mastering modeling.